Polonnaruwa: The Ancient Capital of Sri Lanka

Polonnaruwa, one of Sri Lanka’s most fascinating ancient cities, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that showcases the grandeur of Sri Lanka’s medieval past. Serving as the island’s capital from the 11th to the 13th century, Polonnaruwa is a treasure trove of well-preserved ruins, majestic stupas, intricate carvings, and ancient reservoirs. With its blend of history, culture, and scenic beauty, Polonnaruwa is an essential stop for travelers exploring Sri Lanka’s Cultural Triangle.

Why Visit Polonnaruwa?

1. The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa – A Walk Through History

Polonnaruwa’s archaeological ruins offer a glimpse into the golden age of Sri Lankan civilization. The royal palaces, temples, and colossal Buddha statues stand as a testament to the architectural and engineering brilliance of the ancient Sinhalese rulers. Must-visit sites include:

• Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu I – A once-magnificent seven-story palace
• Audience Hall – Features beautifully carved stone elephants
• Sacred Quadrangle (Dalada Maluwa) – Home to Sri Lanka’s most sacred relic shrines
• Shiva Devalaya – Hindu shrines reflecting South Indian influence

2. Gal Vihara – The Iconic Rock-Carved Buddhas

One of the most famous sites in Polonnaruwa, Gal Vihara is a rock temple featuring four breathtaking Buddha statues carved into a single granite rock. These include:

• A seated Buddha in deep meditation
• A standing Buddha with a serene expression
• A reclining Buddha, representing Parinirvana (final enlightenment)

The artistic mastery and spiritual aura of Gal Vihara make it one of the most revered Buddhist sites in Sri Lanka.

3. Parakrama Samudra – The Great Sea of Parakrama

Built by King Parakramabahu I, this massive artificial reservoir spans over 2,500 hectares, providing a lifeline for agriculture in the region. It is an engineering marvel of ancient Sri Lanka, demonstrating the advanced irrigation systems used to sustain the kingdom. The lake’s scenic beauty makes it a great spot for birdwatching and sunset views.

4. Rankoth Vehera – The Majestic Dagoba

Inspired by the famous Ruwanwelisaya Stupa in Anuradhapura, Rankoth Vehera is a massive 55-meter-tall stupa that remains an active place of Buddhist worship. Surrounded by a serene environment, it reflects the spiritual and architectural excellence of the Polonnaruwa era.

5. Lankatilaka Vihara – The Towering Image House

Lankatilaka Vihara is a magnificent Buddhist shrine featuring a massive standing Buddha statue inside an elaborately decorated brick-walled structure. The temple’s intricate carvings and frescoes showcase the artistic grandeur of the ancient kingdom.

6. Thuparama Gedige – The Oldest Image House

This unique stone temple is believed to be the only fully intact Gedige (vaulted shrine) from the Polonnaruwa period. The murals and Buddha statues inside provide insight into the fusion of Sinhalese and South Indian architectural styles.

7. Nissanka Latha Mandapaya – The Lotus Pavilion

A beautifully ornate stone structure, this pavilion was used by King Nissanka Malla for chanting Buddhist scriptures. The lotus-shaped stone columns are a rare architectural feature, symbolizing purity and enlightenment.

8. Medirigiriya Vatadage – A Circular Relic Shrine

Located just outside Polonnaruwa, Medirigiriya Vatadage is an exquisitely designed circular relic house, surrounded by four Buddha statues facing each cardinal direction. The site’s tranquil setting adds to its spiritual ambiance.

9. Wildlife Encounters in Minneriya and Kaudulla National Parks

Polonnaruwa is close to two of Sri Lanka’s most famous wildlife reserves:

• Minneriya National Park – Famous for the “Gathering of Elephants”, one of the largest elephant gatherings in the world
• Kaudulla National Park – Offers thrilling jeep safaris to see elephants, deer, and exotic birds in their natural habitat

10. Cycling Through the Ruins – A Unique Experience

Exploring Polonnaruwa by bicycle is a popular and enjoyable way to discover the ancient city. The flat terrain, well-preserved ruins, and scenic surroundings make cycling a memorable and immersive experience.

Best Time to Visit Polonnaruwa

The best time to visit is from May to September, when the weather is dry and sunny, making it perfect for sightseeing and outdoor activities. The monsoon season (October to January) brings occasional heavy rains, but the ruins remain accessible.

How to Get to Polonnaruwa

• By Road: Polonnaruwa is 220 km from Colombo and takes around 5–6 hours by car or bus.
• By Train: Trains run from Colombo to Polonnaruwa, offering a scenic journey through the countryside.
• By Air: Domestic flights to Sigiriya Airport, followed by a short drive, provide a faster travel option.

Where to Stay in Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa offers a range of accommodation options, from budget guesthouses to luxury eco-resorts. Many hotels are located near the ruins, providing easy access to historical sites.

Step Back in Time in Polonnaruwa

Polonnaruwa is a destination where history comes alive. Whether you’re an architecture enthusiast, history lover, or spiritual seeker, this ancient city offers an unforgettable journey into Sri Lanka’s rich cultural and archaeological heritage.